Fact
Per Entrackr, the Taxation and Other Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2026, introduced in the Lok Sabha on August 4, would amend the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007 to give government the flexibility to decide which electronic payment modes remain exempt from merchant charges — including merchant discount rate (MDR) — by removing the existing reference to the Income Tax Act in those provisions. RBI Governor Sanjay Malhotra weighed in a day later, per Inc42, calling talk of an MDR on UPI "very premature" even as he conceded that "the costs have to be paid by someone" for the public UPI infrastructure to keep strengthening.
Interpretation
UPI has been effectively free for merchants to accept since MDR was zeroed out in 2020, and that free-acceptance assumption is baked into the economics of every D2C brand and small merchant using it today. A bill that hands government the legal flexibility to reintroduce MDR, even paired with a governor calling the timing premature, is the clearest signal yet that the zero-MDR era has an expiry date being actively drafted, not just debated. The RBI governor's own framing, "the costs have to be paid by someone", telegraphs which direction this eventually goes.
Action
D2C founders currently pricing UPI as a free payment rail should model a 2026-30bps MDR scenario into unit economics now, not after a rate is announced, and start conversations with payment gateways about which of them would absorb versus pass through any future UPI MDR.
Watch next
Whether the amendment bill passes in its current form, and whether any MDR reintroduction carries a merchant-size threshold that could exempt smaller D2C sellers.